Low density parity check encoder having length of 64800 and code rate of 2/15, and low density parity check encoding method using the same

ABSTRACT

A low density parity check (LDPC) encoder, an LDPC decoder, and an LDPC encoding method are disclosed. The LDPC encoder includes first memory, second memory, and a processor. The first memory stores an LDPC codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of 2/15. The second memory is initialized to 0. The processor generates the LDPC codeword corresponding to information bits by performing accumulation with respect to the second memory using a sequence corresponding to a parity check matrix (PCM).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/271,169, filed on Sep. 20, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/496,457, filed on Sep. 25, 2014, whichclaims the benefit of Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2014-0106178 and10-2014-0120012, filed Aug. 14, 2014 and Sep. 11, 2014, respectively,which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to a low density parity check(LDPC) code that is used to correct errors occurring over a wirelesschannel, and, more particularly, to an LDPC code that is applicable to adigital broadcasting system.

2. Description of the Related Art

Current terrestrial television (TV) broadcasting generates co-channelinterference across an area within a distance that is three times aservice radius, and thus the same frequency cannot be reused in the areawithin the distance that is three times the service radius. An area inwhich the same frequency cannot be reused is called a white space.Spectrum efficiency significantly deteriorates due to the occurrence ofa white space.

Accordingly, there arises a need for the development of a transmissiontechnology that facilitates the elimination of a white space and thereuse of a frequency with an emphasis on reception robustness in orderto improve spectrum efficiency.

In response to this, the paper “Cloud Transmission: A New Spectrum-ReuseFriendly Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Transmission System” publishedon September of 2012 in IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Vol. 58, No.3 proposes a terrestrial cloud transmission technology that facilitatesreuse, does not generate a white space, and makes the construction andoperation of a single frequency network easy.

Using this terrestrial cloud transmission technology, a broadcastingstation can transmit the same nationwide content or locally differentcontent over a single broadcasting channel. However, for this purpose, areceiver should receive one or more terrestrial cloud broadcast signalsin an area in which signals transmitted from different transmittersoverlap each other, that is, an overlap area, over a single frequencynetwork, and then should distinguish and demodulate the receivedterrestrial cloud broadcast signals. That is, the receiver shoulddemodulate one or more cloud broadcast signals in a situation in whichco-channel interference is present and the timing and frequencysynchronization between transmitted signals are not guaranteed.

Meanwhile, Korean Patent Application Publication No. 2013-0135746entitled “Low Density Parity Check Code for Terrestrial CloudTransmission” discloses an LDPC code that is optimized for terrestrialcloud transmission and exhibits excellent performance at low code rate(<0.5).

However, Korean Patent Application Publication No. 2013-0135746 isdirected to a code length completely different from an LDPC code lengthused in the DVB broadcast standard, etc., and does not teach a specificLDPC encoding method.

SUMMARY

At least one embodiment of the present invention is directed to theprovision of a new LDPC codeword having a length of 64800 and a coderate of 2/15, which is capable of being used for general purposes.

At least one embodiment of the present invention is directed to theprovision of an LDPC encoding technique that is capable of efficientlyperforming LDPC encoding using a sequence having a number of rows equalto a value that is obtained by dividing the sum of the length of thesystematic part of an LDPC codeword, that is, 8640, and the length ofthe first parity part of the LDPC codeword, that is, 1800, by 360.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is providedan LDPC encoder, including first memory configured to store an LDPCcodeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of 2/15; second memoryconfigured to be initialized to 0; and a processor configured togenerate the LDPC codeword corresponding to information bits byperforming accumulation with respect to the second memory using asequence corresponding to a parity check matrix (PCM).

The accumulation may be performed at parity bit addresses that areupdated using the sequence corresponding to the PCM.

The LDPC codeword may include a systematic part corresponding to theinformation bits and having a length of 8640, a first parity partcorresponding to a dual diagonal matrix included in the PCM and having alength of 1800, and a second parity part corresponding to an identitymatrix included in the PCM and having a length of 54360.

The sequence may have a number of rows equal to the sum of a valueobtained by dividing a length of the systematic part, that is, 8640, bya circulant permutation matrix (CPM) size corresponding to the PCM, thatis, 360, and a value obtained by dividing a length of the first paritypart, that is, 1800, by the CPM size.

The sequence may be represented by the following Sequence Table:

Sequence Table

-   1st row: 615 898 1029 6129 8908 10620 13378 14359 21964 23319 26427    26690 28128 33435 36080 40697 43525 44498 50994-   2nd row: 165 1081 1637 2913 8944 9639 11391 17341 22000 23580 32309    38495 41239 44079 47395 47460 48282 51744 52782-   3rd row: 426 1340 1493 2261 10903 13336 14755 15244 20543 29822    35283 38846 45368 46642 46934 48242 49000 49204 53370-   4th row: 407 1059 1366 2004 5985 9217 9321 13576 19659 20808 30009    31094 32445 39094 39357 40651 44358 48755 49732-   5th row: 692 950 1444 2967 3929 6951 10157 10326 11547 13562 19634    34484 38236 42918 44685 46172 49694 50535 55109-   6th row: 1087 1458 1574 2335 3248 6965 17856 23454 25182 37359 37718    37768 38061 38728 39437 40710 46298 50707 51572-   7th row: 1098 1540 1711 7723 9549 9986 16369 19567 21185 21319 25750    32222 32463 40342 41391 43869 48372 52149 54722-   8th row: 514 1283 1635 6602 11333 11443 17690 21036 22936 24525    25425 27103 28733 29551 39204 42525 49200 54899 54961-   9th row: 357 609 1096 2954 4240 5397 8425 13974 15252 20167 20362    21623 27190 42744 47819 49096 51995 55504 55719-   10th row: 25 448 1501 11572 13478 24338 29198 29840 31428 33088    34724 37698 37988 38297 40482 46953 47880 53751 54943-   11st row: 328 1096 1262 10802 12797 16053 18038 20433 20444 25422    32992 34344 38326 41435 46802 48766 49807 52966 55751-   12nd row: 34 790 987 5082 5788 10778 12824 18217 23278 24737 28312    34464 36765 37999 39603 40797 43237 53089 55319-   13rd row: 226 1149 1470 3483 8949 9312 9773 13271 17804 20025 20323    30623 38575 39887 40305 46986 47223 49998 52111-   14th row: 1088 1091 1757 2682 5526 5716 9665 10733 12997 14440 24665    27990 30203 33173 37423 38934 40494 45418 48393-   15th row: 809 1278 1580 3486 4529 6117 6212 6823 7861 9244 11559    20736 30333 32450 35528 42968 44485 47149 54913-   16th row: 369 525 1622 2261 6454 10483 11259 16461 17031 20221 22710    25137 26622 27904 30884 31858 44121 50690 56000-   17th row: 423 1291 1352 7883 26107 26157 26876 27071 31515 35340    35953 36608 37795 37842 38527 41720 46206 47998 53019-   18th row: 540 662 1433 2828 14410 22880 24263 24802 28242 28396    35928 37214 39748 43915 44905 46590 48684 48890 55926-   19th row: 214 1291 1622 7311 8985 20952 22752 23261 24896 25057    28826 37074 37707 38742 46026 51116 51521 52956 54213-   20th row: 109 1305 1676 2594 7447 8943 14806 16462 19730 23430 24542    34300 36432 37133 41199 43942 45860 47598 48401 49407-   21st row: 242 388 1360 6721 14220 21029 22536 25126 32251 33182    39192 42436 44144 45252 46238 47369 47607 47695 50635 51469-   22nd row: 199 958 1111 13661 18809 19234 21459 25221 25837 28256    36919 39031 39107 39262 43572 45018 45959 48006 52387 55811-   23rd row: 668 1087 1451 2945 3319 12519 21248 21344 22627 22701    28152 29670 31430 32655 38533 42233 43200 44013 44459 51398-   24th row: 244 1133 1665 8222 8740 11285 12774 15922 20147 20978    28927 35086 40197 40583 41066 41223 42104 44650 45391 48437-   25th row: 5623 8050 9679 12978 15846 16049 21807 23364 27226 27758    28661 38147 46337 48141 51364 51927 55124-   26th row: 10369 13704 14491 18632 19430 21218 33392 36182 36722    37342 37415 46322 47449 51136 53392 54356 55108-   27th row: 7460 9411 11132 11739 13722 15501 25588 26463 26738 31980    31981 35002 39659 39783 41581 51358 55114-   28th row: 8915 15253 15264 16513 16896 18367 19110 23492 32074 33302    42443 43797 44715 47538 48515 53464 53548-   29th row: 5884 8910 10123 11311 13654 14207 16122 18113 23100 23784    24825 39629 46372 52454 52799 55039 55973

The accumulation may be performed while the rows of the sequence arebeing repeatedly changed by the CPM size of the PCM.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is providedan LDPC encoding method, including initializing first memory configuredto store an LDPC codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of2/15 and second memory; and generating the LDPC codeword correspondingto information bits by performing accumulation with respect to thesecond memory using a sequence corresponding to a PCM.

The accumulation may be performed at parity bit addresses that areupdated using the sequence corresponding to the PCM.

The LDPC codeword may include a systematic part corresponding to theinformation bits and having a length of 8640, a first parity partcorresponding to a dual diagonal matrix included in the PCM and having alength of 1800, and a second parity part corresponding to an identitymatrix included in the PCM and having a length of 54360.

The sequence may have a number of rows equal to the sum of a valueobtained by dividing a length of the systematic part, that is, 8640, bya circulant permutation matrix (CPM) size corresponding to the PCM, thatis, 360, and a value obtained by dividing a length of the first paritypart, that is, 1800, by the CPM size.

The sequence may be represented by the above Sequence Table.

In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, thereis provided an LDPC decoder, including a receiving unit configured toreceive an LDPC codeword encoded using a sequence corresponding to a PCMand is represented by the above Sequence Table; and a decoding unitconfigured to restore information bits from the received LDPC codewordby performing decoding corresponding to the PCM.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will be more clearly understood from the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a broadcast signal transmissionand reception system according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is an operation flowchart illustrating a broadcast signaltransmission and reception method according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the structure of a PCM corresponding toan LDPC code to according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an LDPC encoder according to anembodiment of the present invention:

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an LDPC decoder according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is an operation flowchart illustrating an LDPC encoding methodaccording to an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is a graph plotting the performance of a QC-LDPC code having alength of 64800 and a code rate of 2/15 according to an embodiment ofthe present invention against E_(b)/N_(o).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail belowwith reference to the accompanying drawings. Repeated descriptions anddescriptions of well-known functions and configurations that have beendeemed to make the gist of the present invention unnecessarily obscurewill be omitted below. The embodiments of the present invention areintended to fully describe the present invention to persons havingordinary knowledge in the art to which the present invention pertains.Accordingly, the shapes, sizes, etc. of components in the drawings maybe exaggerated to make the description obvious.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail belowwith reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a broadcast signal transmissionand reception system according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

Referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that a transmitter 10 and a receiver30 communicate with each other over a wireless channel 20.

The transmitter 10 generates an n-bit codeword by encoding k informationbits using an LDPC encoder 13. The codeword is modulated by themodulator 15, and is transmitted via an antenna 17. The signaltransmitted via the wireless channel 20 is received via the antenna 31of the receiver 30, and, in the receiver 30, is subjected to a processreverse to the process in the transmitter 10. That is, the received datais demodulated by a demodulator 33, and is then decoded by an LDPCdecoder 35, thereby finally restoring the information bits.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the above-describedtransmission and reception processes have been described within aminimum range required for a description of the features of the presentinvention and various processes required for data transmission may beadded.

In the following, the specific processes of encoding and decoding thatare performed using an LDPC code in the LDPC encoder 13 or LDPC decoder35 and the specific configurations of encoding and decoding devices,such as the LDPC encoder 13 and the LDPC decoder 35, are described. TheLDPC encoder 13 illustrated in FIG. 1 may have a structure illustratedin FIG. 4, and the LDPC decoder 35 may have a structure illustrated inFIG. 5.

FIG. 2 is an operation flowchart illustrating a broadcast signaltransmission and reception method according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, in the broadcast signal transmission and receptionmethod according to this embodiment of the present invention, input bits(information bits) are subjected to LDPC encoding at step S210.

That is, at step S210, an n-bit codeword is generated by encoding kinformation bits using the LDPC encoder.

In this case, step S210 may be performed as in an LDPC encoding methodillustrated in FIG. 6.

Furthermore, in the broadcast signal transmission and reception method,the encoded data is modulated at step S220.

That is, at step S220, the encoded n-bit codeword is modulated using themodulator.

Furthermore, in the broadcast signal transmission and reception method,the modulated data is transmitted at step S230.

That is, at step S230, the modulated codeword is transmitted over awireless channel via the antenna.

Furthermore, in the broadcast signal transmission and reception method,the received data is demodulated at step S240.

That is, at step S240, the signal transmitted over the wireless channelis received via the antenna of the receiver, and the received data isdemodulated using the demodulator.

Furthermore, in the broadcast signal transmission and reception method,the demodulated data is subjected to LDPC decoding at step S250.

That is, at step S250, the information bits are finally restored byperforming LDPC decoding using the demodulator of the receiver.

In this case, step S250 corresponds to a process reverse to that of theLDPC encoding method illustrated in FIG. 6, and may correspond to theLDPC decoder of FIG. 5.

An LDPC code is known as a code very close to the Shannon limit for anadditive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, and has the advantages ofasymptotically excellent performance and parallelizable decodingcompared to a turbo code.

Generally, an LDPC code is defined by a low-density parity check matrix(PCM) that is randomly generated. However, a randomly generated LDPCcode requires a large amount of memory to store a PCM, and requires alot of time to access memory. In order to overcome these problems, aquasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) code has been proposed. A QC-LDPC code thatis composed of a zero matrix or a circulant permutation matrix (CPM) isdefined by a PCM that is expressed by the following Equation 1:

$\begin{matrix}{{H = \begin{bmatrix}J^{a_{11}} & J^{a_{12}} & \ldots & J^{a_{1n}} \\J^{a_{21}} & J^{a_{22}} & \ldots & J^{a_{2n}} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\J^{a_{m\; 1}} & J^{a_{m\; 2}} & \ldots & J^{a_{mn}}\end{bmatrix}},{{{for}\mspace{14mu} a_{ij}} \in \left\{ {0,1,\ldots\mspace{14mu},{L - 1},\infty} \right\}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

In this equation, J is a CPM having a size of L×L, and is given as thefollowing Equation 2. In the following description, L may be 360.

$\begin{matrix}{J_{L \times L} = \begin{bmatrix}0 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\0 & 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \\1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0\end{bmatrix}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

Furthermore, J^(i) is obtained by shifting an L×L identity matrix I (J⁰)to the right i (0≤i<L) times, and J^(∞) is an L×L zero matrix.Accordingly, in the case of a QC-LDPC code, it is sufficient if onlyindex exponent i is stored in order to store J^(i), and thus the amountof memory required to store a PCM is considerably reduced.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the structure of a PCM corresponding toan LDPC code to according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 3, the sizes of matrices A and C are g×K and(N−K−g)×(K+g), respectively, and are composed of an L×L zero matrix anda CPM, respectively. Furthermore, matrix Z is a zero matrix having asize of g×(N−K−g), matrix D is an identity matrix having a size of(N−K−g)×(N−K−g), and matrix B is a dual diagonal matrix having a size ofg×g. In this case, the matrix B may be a matrix in which all elementsexcept elements along a diagonal line and neighboring elements below thediagonal line are 0, and may be defined as the following Equation 3:

$\begin{matrix}{B_{g \times g} = \begin{bmatrix}I_{L \times L} & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 \\I_{L \times L} & I_{L \times L} & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & I_{L \times L} & I_{L \times L} & \vdots & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & I_{L \times L} & I_{L \times L} & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & I_{L \times L} & I_{L \times L}\end{bmatrix}} & (3)\end{matrix}$where I_(L×L) is an identity matrix having a size of L×L.

That is, the matrix B may be a bit-wise dual diagonal matrix, or may bea block-wise dual diagonal matrix having identity matrices as itsblocks, as indicated by Equation 3. The bit-wise dual diagonal matrix isdisclosed in detail in Korean Patent Application Publication No.2007-0058438, etc.

In particular, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that whenthe matrix B is a bit-wise dual diagonal matrix, it is possible toperform conversion into a Quasi-cyclic form by applying row or columnpermutation to a PCM including the matrix B and having a structureillustrated in FIG. 3.

In this case, N is the length of a codeword, and K is the length ofinformation.

The present invention proposes a newly designed QC-LDPC code in whichthe code rate thereof is 2/15 and the length of a codeword is 64800, asillustrated in the following Table 1. That is, the present inventionproposes an LDPC code that is designed to receive information having alength of 8640 and generate an LDPC codeword having a length of 64800.

Table 1 illustrates the sizes of the matrices A, B, C, D and Z of theQC-LDPC code according to the present invention:

TABLE 1 Sizes Code rate Length A B C D Z 2/15 64800 1800 × 8640 1800 ×1800 54360 × 10440 54360 × 54360 1800 × 54360

The newly designed LDPC code may be represented in the form of asequence (progression), an equivalent relationship is establishedbetween the sequence and matrix (parity bit check matrix), and thesequence may be represented, as follows:

Sequence Table

-   1st row: 615 898 1029 6129 8908 10620 13378 14359 21964 23319 26427    26690 28128 33435 36080 40697 43525 44498 50994-   2nd row: 165 1081 1637 2913 8944 9639 11391 17341 22000 23580 32309    38495 41239 44079 47395 47460 48282 51744 52782-   3rd row: 426 1340 1493 2261 10903 13336 14755 15244 20543 29822    35283 38846 45368 46642 46934 48242 49000 49204 53370-   4th row: 407 1059 1366 2004 5985 9217 9321 13576 19659 20808 30009    31094 32445 39094 39357 40651 44358 48755 49732-   5th row: 692 950 1444 2967 3929 6951 10157 10326 11547 13562 19634    34484 38236 42918 44685 46172 49694 50535 55109-   6th row: 1087 1458 1574 2335 3248 6965 17856 23454 25182 37359 37718    37768 38061 38728 39437 40710 46298 50707 51572-   7th row: 1098 1540 1711 7723 9549 9986 16369 19567 21185 21319 25750    32222 32463 40342 41391 43869 48372 52149 54722-   8th row: 514 1283 1635 6602 11333 11443 17690 21036 22936 24525    25425 27103 28733 29551 39204 42525 49200 54899 54961-   9th row: 357 609 1096 2954 4240 5397 8425 13974 15252 20167 20362    21623 27190 42744 47819 49096 51995 55504 55719-   10th row: 25 448 1501 11572 13478 24338 29198 29840 31428 33088    34724 37698 37988 38297 40482 46953 47880 53751 54943-   11st row: 328 1096 1262 10802 12797 16053 18038 20433 20444 25422    32992 34344 38326 41435 46802 48766 49807 52966 55751-   12nd row: 34 790 987 5082 5788 10778 12824 18217 23278 24737 28312    34464 36765 37999 39603 40797 43237 53089 55319-   13rd row: 226 1149 1470 3483 8949 9312 9773 13271 17804 20025 20323    30623 38575 39887 40305 46986 47223 49998 52111-   14th row: 1088 1091 1757 2682 5526 5716 9665 10733 12997 14440 24665    27990 30203 33173 37423 38934 40494 45418 48393-   15th row: 809 1278 1580 3486 4529 6117 6212 6823 7861 9244 11559    20736 30333 32450 35528 42968 44485 47149 54913-   16th row: 369 525 1622 2261 6454 10483 11259 16461 17031 20221 22710    25137 26622 27904 30884 31858 44121 50690 56000-   17th row: 423 1291 1352 7883 26107 26157 26876 27071 31515 35340    35953 36608 37795 37842 38527 41720 46206 47998 53019-   18th row: 540 662 1433 2828 14410 22880 24263 24802 28242 28396    35928 37214 39748 43915 44905 46590 48684 48890 55926-   19th row: 214 1291 1622 7311 8985 20952 22752 23261 24896 25057    28826 37074 37707 38742 46026 51116 51521 52956 54213-   20th row: 109 1305 1676 2594 7447 8943 14806 16462 19730 23430 24542    34300 36432 37133 41199 43942 45860 47598 48401 49407-   21st row: 242 388 1360 6721 14220 21029 22536 25126 32251 33182    39192 42436 44144 45252 46238 47369 47607 47695 50635 51469-   22nd row: 199 958 1111 13661 18809 19234 21459 25221 25837 28256    36919 39031 39107 39262 43572 45018 45959 48006 52387 55811-   23rd row: 668 1087 1451 2945 3319 12519 21248 21344 22627 22701    28152 29670 31430 32655 38533 42233 43200 44013 44459 51398-   24th row: 244 1133 1665 8222 8740 11285 12774 15922 20147 20978    28927 35086 40197 40583 41066 41223 42104 44650 45391 48437-   25th row: 5623 8050 9679 12978 15846 16049 21807 23364 27226 27758    28661 38147 46337 48141 51364 51927 55124-   26th row: 10369 13704 14491 18632 19430 21218 33392 36182 36722    37342 37415 46322 47449 51136 53392 54356 55108-   27th row: 7460 9411 11132 11739 13722 15501 25588 26463 26738 31980    31981 35002 39659 39783 41581 51358 55114-   28th row: 8915 15253 15264 16513 16896 18367 19110 23492 32074 33302    42443 43797 44715 47538 48515 53464 53548-   29th row: 5884 8910 10123 11311 13654 14207 16122 18113 23100 23784    24825 39629 46372 52454 52799 55039 55973

An LDPC code that is represented in the form of a sequence is beingwidely used in the DVB standard.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, an LDPC codepresented in the form of a sequence is encoded, as follows. It isassumed that there is an information block S=(s₀, s₁, . . . s_(K−1))having an information size K. The LDPC encoder generates a codewordΛ=(λ₀, λ₁, λ₂, . . . , λ_(N−1)) having a size of N=K+M₁+M₂ using theinformation block S having a size K. In this case, M₁=g, and M₂=N−K−g.Furthermore, M₁ is the size of parity bits corresponding to the dualdiagonal matrix B, and M₂ is the size of parity bits corresponding tothe identity matrix D. The encoding process is performed, as follows:

Initialization:λ_(i) =s _(i) for i=0,1, . . . ,K−1p _(j)=0 for j=0,1, . . . ,M ₁ +M ₂−1  (4)

First information bit λ₀ is accumulated at parity bit addressesspecified in the 1st row of the sequence of the Sequence Table. Forexample, in an LDPC code having a length of 64800 and a code rate of2/15, an accumulation process is as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{p_{615} = {p_{615} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{898} = {p_{898} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{1029} = {p_{1029} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{6129} = {p_{6129} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{8908} = {p_{8908} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} \\{p_{10620} = {p_{10620} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{13378} = {p_{13378} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{14359} = {p_{14359} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{21964} = {p_{21964} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{23319} = {p_{23319} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} \\{p_{26427} = {p_{26427} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{26690} = {p_{26690} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{28128} = {p_{28128} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{33435} = {p_{33435} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{36080} = {p_{36080} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} \\{p_{40697} = {p_{40697} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{43525} = {p_{43525} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{44498} = {p_{44498} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & {p_{50994} = {p_{50994} \oplus \lambda_{0}}} & \;\end{matrix}$where the addition ⊕ occurs in GF(2).

The subsequent L−1 information bits, that is, λ_(m), m=1, 2, . . . ,L−1, are accumulated at parity bit addresses that are calculated by thefollowing Equation 5:(x+m×Q ₁)mod M ₁ if x<M ₁M ₁+{(x−M ₁ +m×Q ₂)mod M ₂} if x≥M ₁  (5)where x denotes the addresses of parity bits corresponding to the firstinformation bit λ₀, that is, the addresses of the parity bits specifiedin the first row of the sequence of the Sequence Table, Q₁=M₁/L,Q₂=M₂/L, and L=360. Furthermore, Q₁ and Q₂ are defined in the followingTable 2. For example, for an LDPC code having a length of 64800 and acode rate of 2/15, M₁=1800, Q₁=5, M₂=54360, Q₂=151 and L=360, and thefollowing operations are performed on the second bit λ₁ using Equation5:

$\begin{matrix}{p_{620} = {p_{620} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{903} = {p_{903} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{1034} = {p_{1034} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{6280} = {p_{6280} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{9059} = {p_{9059} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} \\{p_{10771} = {p_{10771} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{13529} = {p_{13529} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{14510} = {p_{14510} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{22115} = {p_{22115} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{23470} = {p_{23470} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} \\{p_{26578} = {p_{26578} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{26841} = {p_{26841} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{28279} = {p_{28279} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{33586} = {p_{33586} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{36231} = {p_{36231} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} \\{p_{40848} = {p_{40848} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{43676} = {p_{43676} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{44649} = {p_{44649} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & {p_{51145} = {p_{51145} \oplus \lambda_{1}}} & \;\end{matrix}$

Table 2 illustrates the sizes of M₁, Q₁, M₂ and Q₂ of the designedQC-LDPC code:

TABLE 2 Sizes Code rate Length M₁ M₂ Q₁ Q₂ 2/15 64800 1800 54360 5 151

The addresses of parity bit accumulators for new 360 information bitsfrom λ_(L) to λ_(2L−1) are calculated and accumulated from Equation 5using the second row of the sequence.

In a similar manner, for all groups composed of new L information bits,the addresses of parity bit accumulators are calculated and accumulatedfrom Equation 5 using new rows of the sequence.

After all the information bits from λ₀ to λ_(K−1) have been exhausted,the operations of the following Equation 6 are sequentially performedfrom i=1:p _(i) =p _(i) ⊕p _(i−1) for i=0, 1 , . . . , M₁−1  (6)

Thereafter, when a parity interleaving operation, such as that of thefollowing Equation 7, is performed, parity bits corresponding to thedual diagonal matrix B are generated:λ_(K+L·t+s)=p_(Q) ₁ _(·s+t) for 0≤s<L, 0≤t<Q₁  (7)

When the parity bits corresponding to the dual diagonal matrix B havebeen generated using K information bits λ₀, λ₁, . . . , λ_(K−1), paritybits corresponding to the identity matrix D are generated using the M₁generated parity bits λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹.

For all groups composed of L information bits from λ_(K) to λ_(K+M) ₁⁻¹, the addresses of parity bit accumulators are calculated using thenew rows (starting with a row immediately subsequent to the last rowused when the parity bits corresponding to the dual diagonal matrix Bhave been generated) of the sequence and Equation 5, and relatedoperations are performed.

When a parity interleaving operation, such as that of the followingEquation 8, is performed after all the information bits from λ_(K) toλ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹ have been exhausted, parity bits corresponding to theidentity matrix D are generated:λ_(K+M) ₁ _(+L·t+s)=p_(M) ₁ _(+Q) ₂ _(·s+t) for 0≤s<L, 0≤t<Q₂  (8)

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an LDPC encoder according to anembodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 4, the LDPC encoder according to this embodiment ofthe present invention includes memory 310 and 320 and a processor 330.

The memory 310 is memory that is used to store an LDPC codeword having alength of 64800 and a code rate of 2/15.

The memory 320 is memory that is initialized to 0.

The memory 310 and the memory 320 may correspond to λ_(i) (i=0, 1, . . ., N−1) and p_(j) (j=0, 1, . . . , M₁+M₂−1), respectively.

The memory 310 and the memory 320 may correspond to various types ofhardware for storing sets of bits, and may correspond to datastructures, such as an array, a list, a stack and a queue.

The processor 330 generates an LDPC codeword corresponding toinformation bits by performing accumulation with respect to the memory320 using a sequence corresponding to a PCM.

In this case, the accumulation may be performed at parity bit addressesthat are updated using the sequence of the above Sequence Table.

In this case, the LDPC codeword may include a systematic part λ₀, λ₁, .. . , λ_(K−1) corresponding to the information bits and having a lengthof 8640 (=K), a first parity part λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹corresponding to a dual diagonal matrix included in the PCM and having alength of 1800 (=M₁=g), and a second parity part λ_(K+M) ₁ , λ_(K+M) ₁₊₁, . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ _(+M) ₂ ⁻¹ corresponding to an identity matrixincluded in the PCM and having a length of 54360 (=M₂).

In this case, the sequence may have a number of rows equal to the sum(8640/360+1800/360=29) of a value obtained by dividing the length of thesystematic part, that is, 8640, by a CPM size L corresponding to thePCM, that is, 360, and a value obtained by dividing the length M₁ of thefirst parity part, that is, 1800, by 360.

As described above, the sequence may be represented by the aboveSequence Table.

In this case, the memory 320 may have a size corresponding to the sumM₁+M₂ of the length M₁ of the first parity part and the length M₂ of thesecond parity part.

In this case, the parity bit addresses may be updated based on theresults of comparing each x of the previous parity bit addressesspecified in respective rows of the sequence with the length M₁ of thefirst parity part.

That is, the parity bit addresses may be updated using Equation 5. Inthis case, x may be the previous parity bit addresses, m may be aninformation bit index that is an integer larger than 0 and smaller thanL, L may be the CPM size of the PCM, Q₁ may be M₁/L, M₁ may be the sizeof the first parity part, Q₂ may be M₂/L, and M₂ may be the size of thesecond parity part.

In this case, it may be possible to perform the accumulation whilerepeatedly changing the rows of the sequence by the CPM size L (=360) ofthe PCM, as described above.

In this case, the first parity part λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹may be generated by performing parity interleaving using the memory 310and the memory 320, as described in conjunction with Equation 7.

In this case, the second parity part λ_(K+M) ₁ , λ_(K+M) ₁ ₊₁, . . . ,λ_(K+M) ₁ _(+M) ₂ ⁻¹ may be generated by performing parity interleavingusing the memory 310 and the memory 320 after generating the firstparity part λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹ and then performing theaccumulation using the first parity part λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M)₁ ⁻¹ and the sequence, as described in conjunction with Equation 8.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an LDPC decoder according to anembodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 5, the LDPC decoder according to this embodiment ofthe present invention may include a receiving unit 410 and a decodingunit 420.

The receiving unit 410 receives an LDPC codeword that has been encodedusing a sequence that corresponds to a PCM and is represented by theabove Sequence Table.

The decoding unit 420 restores information bits from the received LDPCcodeword by performing decoding corresponding to the PCM.

In this case, the sequence may be used to update the parity bitaddresses of the memory, and the parity bit addresses are used foraccumulation that is performed to generate parity bits corresponding tothe LDPC codeword.

In this case, the LDPC codeword may include a systematic part λ₀, λ₁, .. . , λ_(K−1) corresponding to the information bits, a first parity partλ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹ corresponding to a dual diagonalmatrix included in the PCM, and a second parity part λ_(K+M) ₁ , λ_(K+M)₁ ₊₁, . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ _(+M) ₂ ⁻¹ corresponding to an identity matrixincluded in the PCM.

In this case, the parity bit addresses may be updated based on theresults of comparing each x of the previous parity bit addressesspecified in respective rows of the sequence with the length M₁ of thefirst parity part.

That is, the parity bit addresses may be updated using Equation 5. Inthis case, x may be the previous parity bit addresses, m may be aninformation bit index that is an integer larger than 0 and smaller thanL, L may be the CPM size of the PCM, Q₁ may be M₁/L, M₁ may be the sizeof the first parity part, Q₂ may be M₂/L, and M₂ may be the size of thesecond parity part.

FIG. 6 is an operation flowchart illustrating an LDPC encoding methodaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 6, the LDPC encoding method according to thisembodiment of the present invention initializes the first memory thatstores an LDPC codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of2/15, and second memory at step S510.

In this case, step S510 may be performed using Equation 4.

Furthermore, in the LDPC encoding method according to this embodiment ofthe present invention, an LDPC codeword corresponding to informationbits is generated by performing accumulation with respect to the secondmemory using a sequence corresponding to a PCM at step S520.

In this case, the accumulation may be performed at parity bit addressesthat are updated using the sequence corresponding to the PCM.

In this case, the LDPC codeword may include a systematic part λ₀, λ₁, .. . , λ_(K−1) corresponding to the information bits and having a lengthof 8640 (=K), a first parity part λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹corresponding to a dual diagonal matrix included in the PCM and having alength of 1800 (=M₁=g), and a second parity part λ_(K+M) ₁ , λ_(K+M) ₁₊₁, . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ _(+M) ₂ ⁻¹ corresponding to an identity matrixincluded in the PCM and having a length of 54360 (=M₂).

In this case, the sequence may have a number of rows equal to the sum(8640/360+1800/360=29) of a value obtained by dividing the length of thesystematic part, that is, 8640, by a CPM size L corresponding to thePCM, that is, 360, and a value obtained by dividing the length M₁ of thefirst parity part, that is, 1800, by 360.

As described above, the sequence may be represented by the aboveSequence Table.

In this case, the parity bit addresses may be updated based on theresults of comparing each x of the previous parity bit addressesspecified in respective rows of the sequence with the length M₁ of thefirst parity part.

That is, the parity bit addresses may be updated using Equation 5. Inthis case, x may be the previous parity bit addresses, m may be aninformation bit index that is an integer larger than 0 and smaller thanL, L may be the CPM size of the PCM, Q₁ may be M₁/L, M₁ may be the sizeof the first parity part, Q₂ may be M₂/L, and M₂ may be the size of thesecond parity part.

In this case, it may be possible to perform the accumulation whilerepeatedly changing the rows of the sequence by the CPM size L (=360) ofthe PCM, as described above.

In this case, the first parity part λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹may be generated by performing parity interleaving using the memory 310and the memory 320, as described in conjunction with Equation 7.

In this case, the second parity part λ_(K+M) ₁ , λ_(K+M) ₁ ₊₁, . . . ,λ_(K+M) ₁ _(+M) ₂ ⁻¹ may be generated by performing parity interleavingusing the memory 310 and the memory 320 after generating the firstparity part λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M) ₁ ⁻¹ and then performing theaccumulation using the first parity part λ_(K), λ_(K+1), . . . , λ_(K+M)₁ ⁻¹ and the sequence, as described in conjunction with Equation 8.

FIG. 7 is a graph plotting the performance of a QC-LDPC code having alength of 64800 and a code rate of 2/15 according to an embodiment ofthe present invention against E_(b)/N_(o).

The graph illustrated in FIG. 7 illustrates results that were obtainedon the assumption that a log-likelihood ratio (LLR)-based sum-productalgorithm in which binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation and 50rounds of repetitive decoding were performed was used for computationalexperiments. As illustrated in FIG. 7, it can be seen that the designedcode is away from the Shannon limit by about 0.7 dB at BER=10⁻⁶.

At least one embodiment of the present invention has the advantage ofproviding a new LDPC codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rateof 2/15, which is capable of being used for general purposes.

At least one embodiment of the present invention has the advantage ofproviding an LDPC encoding technique that is capable of efficientlyperforming LDPC encoding using a sequence having a number of rows equalto a value that is obtained by dividing the sum of the length of thesystematic part of an LDPC codeword, that is, 8640, and the length ofthe first parity part of the LDPC codeword, that is, 1800, by 360.

Although the specific embodiments of the present invention have beendisclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art willappreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions arepossible without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention asdisclosed in the accompanying claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A transmitter for a broadcast signal, comprising:an LDPC encoder configured to generate an LDPC codeword having a lengthof 64800 and a code rate of 2/15 by performing accumulation with respectto memory initialized to 0, using a sequence corresponding to a paritycheck matrix (PCM), the LDPC codeword corresponding to information bits;a modulator configured to perform modulation corresponding to the LDPCcodeword in order to generate a modulated signal; and an antennaconfigured to broadcast a transmission signal corresponding to themodulated signal over a physical channel to a reception device, thebroadcasted transmission signal being an electromagnetic signal having aradio frequency, wherein the LDPC codeword includes parity bits forcorrecting errors over the physical channel, and wherein the sequence isrepresented by the following Sequence Table: Sequence Table 1st row: 615898 1029 6129 8908 10620 13378 14359 21964 23319 26427 26690 28128 3343536080 40697 43525 44498 50994 2nd row: 165 1081 1637 2913 8944 963911391 17341 22000 23580 32309 38495 41239 44079 47395 47460 48282 5174452782 3rd row: 426 1340 1493 2261 10903 13336 14755 15244 20543 2982235283 38846 45368 46642 46934 48242 49000 49204 53370 4th row: 407 10591366 2004 5985 9217 9321 13576 19659 20808 30009 31094 32445 39094 3935740651 44358 48755 49732 5th row: 692 950 1444 2967 3929 6951 10157 1032611547 13562 19634 34484 38236 42918 44685 46172 49694 50535 55109 6throw: 1087 1458 1574 2335 3248 6965 17856 23454 25182 37359 37718 3776838061 38728 39437 40710 46298 50707 51572 7th row: 1098 1540 1711 77239549 9986 16369 19567 21185 21319 25750 32222 32463 40342 41391 4386948372 52149 54722 8th row: 514 1283 1635 6602 11333 11443 17690 2103622936 24525 25425 27103 28733 29551 39204 42525 49200 54899 54961 9throw: 357 609 1096 2954 4240 5397 8425 13974 15252 20167 20362 2162327190 42744 47819 49096 51995 55504 55719 10th row: 25 448 1501 1157213478 24338 29198 29840 31428 33088 34724 37698 37988 38297 40482 4695347880 53751 54943 11st row: 328 1096 1262 10802 12797 16053 18038 2043320444 25422 32992 34344 38326 41435 46802 48766 49807 52966 55751 12ndrow: 34 790 987 5082 5788 10778 12824 18217 23278 24737 28312 3446436765 37999 39603 40797 43237 53089 55319 13rd row: 226 1149 1470 34838949 9312 9773 13271 17804 20025 20323 30623 38575 39887 40305 4698647223 49998 52111 14th row: 1088 1091 1757 2682 5526 5716 9665 1073312997 14440 24665 27990 30203 33173 37423 38934 40494 45418 48393 15throw: 809 1278 1580 3486 4529 6117 6212 6823 7861 9244 11559 20736 3033332450 35528 42968 44485 47149 54913 16th row: 369 525 1622 2261 645410483 11259 16461 17031 20221 22710 25137 26622 27904 30884 31858 4412150690 56000 17th row: 423 1291 1352 7883 26107 26157 26876 27071 3151535340 35953 36608 37795 37842 38527 41720 46206 47998 53019 18th row:540 662 1433 2828 14410 22880 24263 24802 28242 28396 35928 37214 3974843915 44905 46590 48684 48890 55926 19th row: 214 1291 1622 7311 898520952 22752 23261 24896 25057 28826 37074 37707 38742 46026 51116 5152152956 54213 20th row: 109 1305 1676 2594 7447 8943 14806 16462 1973023430 24542 34300 36432 37133 41199 43942 45860 47598 48401 49407 21strow: 242 388 1360 6721 14220 21029 22536 25126 32251 33182 39192 4243644144 45252 46238 47369 47607 47695 50635 51469 22nd row: 199 958 111113661 18809 19234 21459 25221 25837 28256 36919 39031 39107 39262 4357245018 45959 48006 52387 55811 23rd row: 668 1087 1451 2945 3319 1251921248 21344 22627 22701 28152 29670 31430 32655 38533 42233 43200 4401344459 51398 24th row: 244 1133 1665 8222 8740 11285 12774 15922 2014720978 28927 35086 40197 40583 41066 41223 42104 44650 45391 48437 25throw: 5623 8050 9679 12978 15846 16049 21807 23364 27226 27758 2866138147 46337 48141 51364 51927 55124 26th row: 10369 13704 14491 1863219430 21218 33392 36182 36722 37342 37415 46322 47449 51136 53392 5435655108 27th row: 7460 9411 11132 11739 13722 15501 25588 26463 2673831980 31981 35002 39659 39783 41581 51358 55114 28th row: 8915 1525315264 16513 16896 18367 19110 23492 32074 33302 42443 43797 44715 4753848515 53464 53548 29th row: 5884 8910 10123 11311 13654 14207 1612218113 23100 23784 24825 39629 46372 52454 52799 55039
 55973. 2. Thetransmitter of claim 1, wherein the LDPC codeword comprises a systematicpart corresponding to the information bits and having a length of 8640,a first parity part corresponding to a dual diagonal matrix included inthe PCM and having a length of 1800, and a second parity partcorresponding to an identity matrix included in the PCM and having alength of
 54360. 3. The transmitter of claim 2, wherein the sequence hasa number of rows equal to a sum of a value obtained by dividing a lengthof the systematic part, by a circulant permutation matrix (CPM) sizecorresponding to the PCM, and a value obtained by dividing a length ofthe first parity part, by the CPM size.
 4. The transmitter of claim 3,wherein the accumulation is performed at parity bit addresses that areupdated using the sequence.
 5. The transmitter of claim 4, wherein theaccumulation is performed while the rows of the sequence are beingrepeatedly changed by the CPM size of the PCM.